Historical Retrospection 「文化遗产历史追溯」
According to the monument of rebuilding sanjieyi temple built in the 13th year of Kangxi (1674 A.D.) of the Qing Dynasty in the sacrificial Pavilion opposite the Jianshen building, the Jianshen temple was built in the wenlugong period (1006-1097 A.D.) of the Song Dynasty.
根据祆神楼对面献亭中存在的清康熙十三年 (公元 1674年)建的《重建三结义庙碑》记载,祆神庙为宋代文潞公时期(1006 年-1097 年)所建。
In the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty (1507-1567), the emperor ordered to demolish the temples except Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and other three religions, which were all obscene words. The worship of Zoroastrianism did not conform to the traditional morality of ancient China. Therefore, Jiexiu Zoroastrianism was also demolished. Wang Zhengzong of Zhixian County in Jiexiu changed his name to sanjeyi temple in order to protect the temple of Yi, and changed the murals in the temple to the contents of Liu, Guan and Zhang, which also caused difficulties for later generations' research.
明朝嘉靖年间(1507—1567 年), 皇帝下诏拆毁除儒释道三教之外的庙宇,认为都是淫词,对祆教的崇拜并不符合中国古代传统道义,因此介休祆神庙也成了拆除对象。介休知县王正宗为保护祆神庙更名为三结义庙,并把庙中壁画改为刘、关、张三结义的内容,这也为后人的研究考证工作造成了困难。
In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659) in the Qing Dynasty, sanjieyi temple and Shishen building were destroyed by fire, and the buildings that existed for more than 600 years were destroyed. With the joint efforts of the local government and the people, sanjieyi temple was rebuilt from 1660 to 1668. In 1786, Jianshen tower was rebuilt, and the monument of sanjieyi temple was built in 1674.
清顺治十六年(1659 年)三结义庙和祆神楼毁于大火,存世六百多年的建筑被毁。在当地政府和民众的共同努力下,清顺治十七年(1660 年)至康熙七年(1668年)又对三结义庙进行重建,乾隆五十年(1786 年)重建了祆神楼,并于康熙十三年(公元 1674 年)立《重建三结义庙碑》。
Image and Features 「文化遗产风貌展示」
The plane of the building is convex, with a total depth of about 20 meters. It is shaped as a three-story four drop cross rest top. The whole building is composed of 14 sky pillars, 170 gold pillars, colonnades, eave pillars, Zhu Confucian pillars, 38 kinds of three hundred groups of nine thousand dougongs, 28 wing angle cornices and more than three hundred carvings of kiss, beast, immortal, elephant and dragon head of Dougong beam frame. It is magnificent and unique in shape. It is a rare masterpiece in Chinese Pavilion style wooden structure architecture, and Wanrong in South Shanxi Feiyun building and Qiufeng building in the county are also called three famous buildings in Shanxi Province.
祆神楼平面呈凸字形,总深度约 20 米,形制为三层四滴水十字歇字顶。全楼由十四根通天柱、四类一百七十根金柱、廊柱、檐柱、朱儒柱、三十八种三百组九千件斗?、二十八个翼角飞檐和屋脊的吻、兽、仙人及斗?梁架部分的象、 龙头等雕刻三百余件构成, 巍峨壮观,形制独特,是我国楼阁式木构建筑中鲜有的杰作,与晋南万荣县的飞云楼、秋风楼并称为三晋三大名楼。
The narrow part of the building is three rooms in width and depth, protruding from the outside of the temple to form a crossing building. The wider part, five rooms in width and four rooms in depth, reveals the surrounding corridor. The lower layer is the gate and the upper layer is the music building. Therefore, the building has three functions: Street Center decoration, gate and stage. Such a magnificent building, the lower layer is very open, the middle layer is made of flat seats and railings, and the roof cross rests on the top of the mountain. What's more, under the double eaves, the East, the West and the South three sides, each protruding a small Baoxia. It not only embodies its practicability, but also reflects its high ornamental value. From the front side, it is a building crossing the street, from the back side, it is the combination of the gate and the stage, and from the two sides, it is a building with two pavilions connected vertically. These ingenious designs avoid the feeling of monotony and dullness that may be caused by the too large building, which makes it magnificent, exquisite, vivid, colorful and changeable. Chen Mingda, a famous scholar of ancient architecture in China, once wrote a special article to introduce the Xuanshen building in Jiexiu. He once said that buildings such as Jiexiu God building are at the top of the art, and are excellent in the history of ancient Chinese architecture. We should not ignore it because of its late construction time, but pay attention to it and protect it.
祆神楼较窄的部分面阔和进深都是三间, 突出于庙外成过街楼。 较宽的部分,面宽五间,进深四间,露出周围廊,下层是大门,上层是乐楼。 因此,这个建筑有三个作用:街心点缀,大门和戏台。 这样雄伟的建筑物,下层十分空敞,中层用平座加栏杆,屋顶十字歇山顶,更别致的是在重檐下,东、西、南三面,各凸出一小抱厦。祆神楼不仅体现出应有的实用性, 而且还体现出较高的观赏价值,从正面看去是一座过街楼建筑,从背面看去却是山门与戏台的结合, 再从两山面看去又是两座楼阁纵向连在一起的建筑。这些精巧的构思设计,避免了因楼体过于庞大而可能招致的单调呆滞之感, 使它既雄伟壮观又玲珑生动,多姿多彩,富于变化。 我国古建筑学著名学者陈明达先生曾专门著文介绍介休玄神楼。 他曾表示说,像介休祆神楼这样的建筑,在艺术上登峰造极,是中国古代建筑史上的精品,不能因为建筑时间较晚而忽略它,应该重视它和保护它。
However, there are some differences between this building and other traditional ancient buildings. In addition to the common dragon, elephant and Ruyi's head and mouth in ancient architecture, some strange wood carvings can be found, which are rare in Han culture architecture. Among them, four statues of ox head are distributed at the rafters under the eaves of the top floor in the north of the building and the rafters under the eaves of the south of the main hall of the temple. In Chinese traditional ancient architecture, there is almost no ox head wood carving pattern. What cultural connotation does the zodiac God building convey through these special-shaped statues?
这座具有极高艺术与实用价值的祆神楼却有着一些与其他传统古建筑不同的地方。 现存的祆神楼与祆神庙的正殿南廊和献亭的斗?木构中, 除了有古建筑中常见的龙、象、如意头昂嘴外,还可以发现一些奇异造型的木雕图案,这些图案是汉文化建筑中少见的。 其中有四尊牛头雕像分布于祆神楼北面顶层檐下椽口处与祆神庙正殿南面檐下椽口。 在中国传统古建筑中几乎没有见过牛头木雕图案, 祆神楼通过这些异形雕像传达出怎么的文化内涵呢?正脊琉璃中间两个站立的小人,据说是祆教符号之一
The two little people standing in the middle of the ridge glaze are said to be one of the Zoroastrian symbols
檐下斗拱上的两只兽头,是被广泛认定的祆教符号
The two animal heads on the arch under the eaves are widely recognized as Zoroastrian symbols
左侧白鸽子旁边也有个小人,据说也和祆教有关
There is also a villain beside the white dove on the left, which is said to be related to Zoroastrianism
Protection and Renovation 「保护更新」
In 1963, it was announced as a key cultural relics protection unit in Shanxi Province;
In 1972, it was transferred to a key cultural relics protection unit at the county level;
In August 1986, it was upgraded to a provincial key cultural relics protection unit;
On November 20, 1996, it was announced as the fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council.
1963年被公布为山西省重点文物保护单位;
1972年下放为县级重点文物保护单位;
1986年8月又升级为省级重点文物保护单位;
1996年11月20日,被国务院公布为第四批全国重点文物保护单位。
Extended Reading 「延伸阅读」
1.相关资料来源
徐璐.介休祆神楼概述.文化创新比较研究,2018,2(16):40-41.
张兵.介休祆神楼.文史月刊,2017(06):55-59.
http://www.sohu.com/a/161772659_526303
2.延伸信息
介休市政府门户网站-祆神楼简介: http://www.jiexiu.gov.cn/zjxs/rkmz/content_9904
Lat: | 37.0271 |
Lng: | 111.917 |
Type: | |
Region: | Asia |
Scale: | Building |
Field: | Culture heritage |
City: | Jinzhong 晋中市 |